1、直接引语是直接引述别人的原话,原话用有引号,而间接引语是引述别人的话,不用引号。
2、间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。
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3、直接引语改为间接引语时,引述动词是现在时,则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。
4、关键要掌握下列“三要素”。
5、 要素一:陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that,在口语中可省略。
6、引述动词用said, told, ,等。
7、例如: 1) He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→ He told me that he had left his book in his room. 2) She said: “He will be busy.”→ She said that he would be busy. 要素二: 疑问句的间接引语。
8、一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether,而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether,引述动词用asked,没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等,例如: She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her. 1) She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→ She asked me whether that book was mine or his. 2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词,改为陈述语序。
9、例如: The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” → The teacher asked me how I had repaired it. 要素三:祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。
10、 told 即 asked sb. (not) to do sth. ordered warned 注意:引语中的呼语可改成宾语。
11、引语中的please 去掉,动词改为 ask 1) The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” → The teacher told the students not to waste their time. 2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→ The mother asked Tom to get up early. “五不变” 在直接引语变间接引语时,还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况。
12、 1. 直接引语如果是客观真理,谚(习)语,变间接引语时时态不变。
13、例如: The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”→ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”→ My father said practice makes perfect. 2. 直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的,习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的,变间接引语时,时态保持不变,例如: The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”→ The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day. He said, “We are still students.’→ He said they are still students. 3. 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语,时态不变。
14、例如: He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→ He told me that he was born in 1978. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→ The engineer said he was at college in 1967. 4.直接引语中凡有When, since,while 引导的从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句时态,从句的时态不变。
15、例如: He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” → He said he had studied English since he was a boy. She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→ She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→ Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job. 5.如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句,变间接引语时,引语中的主从句时态都不变。
16、例如: He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.→ He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→ She said he demanded that the girl leave at once. 另外,如果说话人转述自己的话,人称则可不变. 例如: I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it. 如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there,come不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语也不必变化。
17、例如: She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→ She told us she would come here tomorrow.。
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